This is the ninth edition of the rail market monitoring report that the Commission submits every two years to the European Parliament and the Council under Article 15(4) of Directive 2012/34/EU1. Its purpose is to provide an overview of the main developments in rail markets in the context of EU rail market policy. The main focus of the ninth report is on developments between 2018 and 2022, with references to trends and policy developments extending beyond the reporting period up until the preparation date of this report.

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